Eduardo Galeano.
I. Divine Liturgy of motor
With God
four wheel happens what usually happens with the gods are born to serve people, magic spells against fear and loneliness, and end up putting people at your service. The religion of the car, with the Vatican in the United States has the world on their knees.
Six, six, six
The image of paradise: every American has a car and a firearm. In the United States has the largest number of cars and the largest arsenal, the two core businesses of the national economy. Six, six, six: of every six dollars spent by the average citizen, one is devoted to the car, in six hours of life, he's traveling by car or work for pay, and of every six jobs, one is direct or indirectly related to violence and their industries. Kill more people and cars weapons, and the more sweeping nature, the more it grows the Gross National Product. As stated by the German researcher Winfried Wolf, in our time the productive forces have become destructive forces.
Talismans against homelessness "or invitations to crime? Selling cars is symmetrical with the sale of weapons, and might well be part of it: traffic accidents kill and injure each year more Americans than all the Americans killed and wounded during the war in Vietnam, and driving license is the only document necessary for anyone to buy a machine gun and shot her to cook the whole neighborhood. The license is not only used for these purposes, it is also essential to pay by check or cash them, to make a step or sign a contract. In the United States, driver's license serves as identification. Cars give people identity.
democracy allies
The country has the cheapest gasoline in the world, thanks to the corrupt president, the sheiks of dark glasses and operetta kings engaged in selling off oil, to violate human rights and to buy U.S. weapons . Saudi Arabia, for instance, which appears in the top of international statistics for the wealth of their rich, the mortality of their children and atrocities of his executioners, is the largest customer of U.S. arms industry. Without the cheap gasoline that provide these allies of democracy, it would be possible miracle in the U.S., anyone can have a car, and many can change frequently. And if money is not enough for the final model, sold scented sprays that give back to the geezer bought three or four years ago, the autosaurio that.
Tell me what car you have and tell you who you are, and how much you're worth. This civilization who loves cars, is terrified of old age: the automobile, the promise of eternal youth, is the only body that can change. Cage
this body the four wheels, it embodies most of the advertising on television, most hours of talk time and space most of the cities. The car has many restaurants, where it feeds on gasoline and oil, and his service are the pharmacies where you buy medicines, the hospital where examination, diagnose and cure it, the rooms where he sleeps and the cemeteries where he died.
He promises freedom to the people, and something called freeways, highways, roads, free, and yet acts as a mobile cage. Human working time has been reduced little or nothing, and in return year after year increases the time required to go to and from work, by the impasses forcing traffic to move with difficulty and elbows. We live in the car, and he does not let go. Drive-by shooting: not out of the car at full speed, you can pull the trigger and shoot with Dick and Jane, as is customary now at night in Los Angeles. Drive-thru teller, drive-in restaurant, drive-in movies: not out of the car can make money from the bank, eat burgers and watch a movie. And out of the car can marry, drive-in marriage: Reno, Nevada, the car comes under the arches of plastic flowers, a window overlooking the witness and the other the pastor, Bible in hand that says you husband and wife, and output an official, provided with wings and halo, gives the marriage and get the tip, called Love donation.
The car, rolling body, has more rights than the human body, doomed to decrepitude. United States of America has undertaken in recent years, the holy war against the devil's snuff. In magazines, the advertising of cigarettes is crossed by mandatory public health warnings. The ads warn, for example, "snuff smoke contains carbon monoxide." But no car ad warns that much more carbon monoxide in the smoke of cars. People can not smoke. Cars, yes.
II. The Exterminating Angel
In 1992 there was a plebiscite in Amsterdam. The inhabitants of the Dutch city decided to reduce by half the space, very limited, which take cars. Three years later, banned private car traffic around the center of the Italian city of Florence, a ban that will cover the entire city as a multiplicity of trams, metro lines, pedestrian and buses. Also the bike paths: the sooner you can traverse the entire city without risk, by either party, riding in a transport medium that is inexpensive, does not waste anything, not invade human space and pollute the air, which was invented five centuries ago , by a neighbor Florence called Leonardo da Vinci.
Meanwhile, an official report confirmed that cars occupy a space much larger than people in the U.S. city of Los Angeles, but there occurred no one would commit the sacrilege to expel the invaders.
Whose cities?
Amsterdam and Florence are exceptions to the universal rule of infringement. The world has accelerated motor, as cities have grown and distances, and public transportation have given way to the private car. French President Georges Pompidou celebrated it saying "it is the city that must adapt to the cars, not backwards," but his words made sense tragic when it was revealed that they had increased brutally killed by pollution in the city of Paris during the strikes of late last year: the paralysis of the metro had increased travel by car and had sold out of masks antiesmog .
In Germany, in 1950, trains, buses, metros and trams carried out three-quarters of passenger transport, currently amount to less than one fifth. The European average has fallen to 25 percent, which is even when compared with the United States, where public transportation is virtually wiped out in most cities, only reach the four percent of the total.
Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone were close friends, and both wore just fine with the Rockefeller family. That led to a mutual affection alliance influences had much to do with the dismantling of the railways and the creation of a vast web of roads, then turned into highways throughout the United States. Over the years it has become increasingly overwhelming, in the U.S. and worldwide, the power of automobile manufacturers, tire manufacturers and the oil industry. Of the sixty largest companies, half belong to this holy alliance or is in somehow linked to the dictatorship of the four wheels. Data for a primer
human rights stop at the foot of the rights of the machines. Cars are away with a killer cocktail of many chemicals. The poisoning of the air is dramatically visible in Latin American cities, but he is much less in some northern cities in the world. The difference is explained largely by the mandatory use of catalytic converters and unleaded gasoline, which have reduced pollution per vehicle more noticeable in the more developed countries. However, the number tends to obliterate the quality, and these technological developments are reducing their impact positive to the dizzying proliferation of automobiles, which is reproduced as if it were comprised of rabbits.
visible or hidden, small or not, poisonous emissions are a long list criminal. To take just three examples, technicians from Greenpeace have reported that car at least half of all carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons how effectively they are contributing to the destruction of the planet and human health.
"Health is not negotiable. No more half measures," said Florence responsible for transport, earlier this year, while announcing that this would be "The first European city free of cars." But in most of the rest of the world, it assumes that it is inevitable that the divine is the hub motor of human life in the urban age. Copy the worst
The engine noise does not stop hearing the voices that denounce the artifice of a civilization that steals your freedom and then sell this, and you cut the legs to make you buy cars and fitness equipment. Prevails in the world, as the only possible model of life, the bane of cities where cars rule, eat green areas and take over human space. Breathe the air they soon leave us, and whoever does is killed, suffers gastritis traffic.
Latin American cities do not want to look like Amsterdam or Florence, but in Los Angeles, and getting into the hideous caricature of that vertigo. We have been training five centuries to copy rather than create. Since we are facing the copianditis, we could choose our models with a little more careful. Anesthetized as we are by television, advertising and consumer culture, we believe the story of the so-called modernization, as if that joke in bad taste and black humor were the abracadabra of happiness.
III. Mirrors of Paradise
advertising talks about the car as a blessing to everyone. A right universal, a democratic achievement? If true, and all human beings can become happy owners of this means of transport become talisman, the planet would suffer sudden death due to lack of air. And before, would stop working for lack of energy. We still have oil for two generations. We have already burned in a while much of the oil that had formed over millions of years. The world produces cars at the rate of heart beats more than one per second, and they are devouring more than half of all the oil that the world produces.
course, lies advertising. Antics say the car is not right universal, but a privileged few. Only 20 percent of humanity has 80 percent of the cars, although one hundred per cent of humanity has to suffer the consequences. Like so many other symbols of consumer society, this is an instrument that is held by the Western world and minorities in the south of the northern breeding habits and believe and do believe that whoever does not have a driving license is allowed to exist.
85 percent of the population of Mexico City traveling at 15 percent of all vehicles. One in ten people in Bogotá owns nine out of ten cars. Although most Latin Americans do not have the right to buy a car, all have a duty to pay. Of every thousand Haitians, only five are motorized, but Haiti devotes a third of its imports to vehicles, spare parts and gasoline. A third works, too, El Salvador. According to Ricardo Navarro, an expert on these issues, Colombia spends money each year to subsidize gasoline, suffice to give two and half million of bicycles to the public. The right to kill
a single country, Germany has more cars than the sum of all the countries of Latin America and Africa. However, in the south of the world die Three of every four deaths in traffic accidents worldwide. And of three killed, two were pedestrians.
In that, at least, not advertising lies, often comparing the car with a weapon like shooting speed, provides the same pleasure and the same power. Walkers hunting is common in some Latin American cities, where the shell of the traditional four-wheel encouraged arrogance of those who govern and those who act as if sent. And in recent times, a time of increasing insecurity, impunity is always added bullying of the panic attacks and kidnappings. More and more people willing to kill whoever is put forward. Privileged few, doomed to perpetual fear, step on the accelerator to smash the reality or to escape it, and the reality is a very dangerous thing that happens on the other side of the car windows closed.
The right to invade the streets
Latin circulating a fraction of the world's cars, but some of the world's most polluted cities are in Latin America.
servile imitation of life models of the big dominant centers, disaster occurs. Multiply copies deliriously original defects. The inherited structures of injustice and social contradictions have generated fierce cities that grow out of all possible control, giant frankensteins of civilization: the import of religion from the car and the identification of democracy with the consumer society, have in such realms of every man for himself, effects more devastating than any bombing.
Never have so many suffered so much by so few. Disastrous public transport and the lack of bikeways mandates the use of the car, but the vast majority who can not buy, live hemmed in by traffic and choked with smog. The sidewalks are reduced, more and more parking and less neighborhood, increasingly crossing cars and fewer people who are. The buses are not only scarce, for worse, in many cities public transport is borne by some ramshackle junk that cast deadly smoke from the exhaust pipes and multiply the pollution rather than alleviate it. The right to pollute
Private cars are required in major northern cities of the world, to use cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies filthy poisonous, but in the south with the impunity of money is more murderous impunity of military dictatorships . In rare cases, the law requires the use of unleaded petrol and catalytic converters, which require strict controls and are of limited life: when required by law, is obeyed but not fulfilled, as tradition has it that comes from colonial times . Some
major Latin American cities live pending rain and wind, not poison the air clean, but at least they take it elsewhere. Mexico City live in perpetual state of environmental emergency, largely caused by cars, and the councils of government to the people, the devastation of the plague power, seem to practical lessons for facing an invasion by Martians: avoid exercise , seal the home did not leave, do not move. Babies born with blood lead and a third of people suffering from chronic headaches.
-O you stop smoking, or dies in a year, "warned the doctor to a friend of mine, who lives Mexico City, who had not smoked a single cigarette in his life.
San Pablo City breathes on Sundays and weekdays asphyxia. Year after year it is poisoning the air of Buenos Aires, at the same pace in the growing fleet, which last year increased by half a million vehicles. Santiago de Chile is separated from heaven by an umbrella of smog, which in the past fifteen years has doubled its density, while also doubling, coincidentally, the number of cars.
I. Divine Liturgy of motor
With God
four wheel happens what usually happens with the gods are born to serve people, magic spells against fear and loneliness, and end up putting people at your service. The religion of the car, with the Vatican in the United States has the world on their knees.
Six, six, six
The image of paradise: every American has a car and a firearm. In the United States has the largest number of cars and the largest arsenal, the two core businesses of the national economy. Six, six, six: of every six dollars spent by the average citizen, one is devoted to the car, in six hours of life, he's traveling by car or work for pay, and of every six jobs, one is direct or indirectly related to violence and their industries. Kill more people and cars weapons, and the more sweeping nature, the more it grows the Gross National Product. As stated by the German researcher Winfried Wolf, in our time the productive forces have become destructive forces.
Talismans against homelessness "or invitations to crime? Selling cars is symmetrical with the sale of weapons, and might well be part of it: traffic accidents kill and injure each year more Americans than all the Americans killed and wounded during the war in Vietnam, and driving license is the only document necessary for anyone to buy a machine gun and shot her to cook the whole neighborhood. The license is not only used for these purposes, it is also essential to pay by check or cash them, to make a step or sign a contract. In the United States, driver's license serves as identification. Cars give people identity.
democracy allies
The country has the cheapest gasoline in the world, thanks to the corrupt president, the sheiks of dark glasses and operetta kings engaged in selling off oil, to violate human rights and to buy U.S. weapons . Saudi Arabia, for instance, which appears in the top of international statistics for the wealth of their rich, the mortality of their children and atrocities of his executioners, is the largest customer of U.S. arms industry. Without the cheap gasoline that provide these allies of democracy, it would be possible miracle in the U.S., anyone can have a car, and many can change frequently. And if money is not enough for the final model, sold scented sprays that give back to the geezer bought three or four years ago, the autosaurio that.
Tell me what car you have and tell you who you are, and how much you're worth. This civilization who loves cars, is terrified of old age: the automobile, the promise of eternal youth, is the only body that can change. Cage
this body the four wheels, it embodies most of the advertising on television, most hours of talk time and space most of the cities. The car has many restaurants, where it feeds on gasoline and oil, and his service are the pharmacies where you buy medicines, the hospital where examination, diagnose and cure it, the rooms where he sleeps and the cemeteries where he died.
He promises freedom to the people, and something called freeways, highways, roads, free, and yet acts as a mobile cage. Human working time has been reduced little or nothing, and in return year after year increases the time required to go to and from work, by the impasses forcing traffic to move with difficulty and elbows. We live in the car, and he does not let go. Drive-by shooting: not out of the car at full speed, you can pull the trigger and shoot with Dick and Jane, as is customary now at night in Los Angeles. Drive-thru teller, drive-in restaurant, drive-in movies: not out of the car can make money from the bank, eat burgers and watch a movie. And out of the car can marry, drive-in marriage: Reno, Nevada, the car comes under the arches of plastic flowers, a window overlooking the witness and the other the pastor, Bible in hand that says you husband and wife, and output an official, provided with wings and halo, gives the marriage and get the tip, called Love donation.
The car, rolling body, has more rights than the human body, doomed to decrepitude. United States of America has undertaken in recent years, the holy war against the devil's snuff. In magazines, the advertising of cigarettes is crossed by mandatory public health warnings. The ads warn, for example, "snuff smoke contains carbon monoxide." But no car ad warns that much more carbon monoxide in the smoke of cars. People can not smoke. Cars, yes.
II. The Exterminating Angel
In 1992 there was a plebiscite in Amsterdam. The inhabitants of the Dutch city decided to reduce by half the space, very limited, which take cars. Three years later, banned private car traffic around the center of the Italian city of Florence, a ban that will cover the entire city as a multiplicity of trams, metro lines, pedestrian and buses. Also the bike paths: the sooner you can traverse the entire city without risk, by either party, riding in a transport medium that is inexpensive, does not waste anything, not invade human space and pollute the air, which was invented five centuries ago , by a neighbor Florence called Leonardo da Vinci.
Meanwhile, an official report confirmed that cars occupy a space much larger than people in the U.S. city of Los Angeles, but there occurred no one would commit the sacrilege to expel the invaders.
Whose cities?
Amsterdam and Florence are exceptions to the universal rule of infringement. The world has accelerated motor, as cities have grown and distances, and public transportation have given way to the private car. French President Georges Pompidou celebrated it saying "it is the city that must adapt to the cars, not backwards," but his words made sense tragic when it was revealed that they had increased brutally killed by pollution in the city of Paris during the strikes of late last year: the paralysis of the metro had increased travel by car and had sold out of masks antiesmog .
In Germany, in 1950, trains, buses, metros and trams carried out three-quarters of passenger transport, currently amount to less than one fifth. The European average has fallen to 25 percent, which is even when compared with the United States, where public transportation is virtually wiped out in most cities, only reach the four percent of the total.
Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone were close friends, and both wore just fine with the Rockefeller family. That led to a mutual affection alliance influences had much to do with the dismantling of the railways and the creation of a vast web of roads, then turned into highways throughout the United States. Over the years it has become increasingly overwhelming, in the U.S. and worldwide, the power of automobile manufacturers, tire manufacturers and the oil industry. Of the sixty largest companies, half belong to this holy alliance or is in somehow linked to the dictatorship of the four wheels. Data for a primer
human rights stop at the foot of the rights of the machines. Cars are away with a killer cocktail of many chemicals. The poisoning of the air is dramatically visible in Latin American cities, but he is much less in some northern cities in the world. The difference is explained largely by the mandatory use of catalytic converters and unleaded gasoline, which have reduced pollution per vehicle more noticeable in the more developed countries. However, the number tends to obliterate the quality, and these technological developments are reducing their impact positive to the dizzying proliferation of automobiles, which is reproduced as if it were comprised of rabbits.
visible or hidden, small or not, poisonous emissions are a long list criminal. To take just three examples, technicians from Greenpeace have reported that car at least half of all carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons how effectively they are contributing to the destruction of the planet and human health.
"Health is not negotiable. No more half measures," said Florence responsible for transport, earlier this year, while announcing that this would be "The first European city free of cars." But in most of the rest of the world, it assumes that it is inevitable that the divine is the hub motor of human life in the urban age. Copy the worst
The engine noise does not stop hearing the voices that denounce the artifice of a civilization that steals your freedom and then sell this, and you cut the legs to make you buy cars and fitness equipment. Prevails in the world, as the only possible model of life, the bane of cities where cars rule, eat green areas and take over human space. Breathe the air they soon leave us, and whoever does is killed, suffers gastritis traffic.
Latin American cities do not want to look like Amsterdam or Florence, but in Los Angeles, and getting into the hideous caricature of that vertigo. We have been training five centuries to copy rather than create. Since we are facing the copianditis, we could choose our models with a little more careful. Anesthetized as we are by television, advertising and consumer culture, we believe the story of the so-called modernization, as if that joke in bad taste and black humor were the abracadabra of happiness.
III. Mirrors of Paradise
advertising talks about the car as a blessing to everyone. A right universal, a democratic achievement? If true, and all human beings can become happy owners of this means of transport become talisman, the planet would suffer sudden death due to lack of air. And before, would stop working for lack of energy. We still have oil for two generations. We have already burned in a while much of the oil that had formed over millions of years. The world produces cars at the rate of heart beats more than one per second, and they are devouring more than half of all the oil that the world produces.
course, lies advertising. Antics say the car is not right universal, but a privileged few. Only 20 percent of humanity has 80 percent of the cars, although one hundred per cent of humanity has to suffer the consequences. Like so many other symbols of consumer society, this is an instrument that is held by the Western world and minorities in the south of the northern breeding habits and believe and do believe that whoever does not have a driving license is allowed to exist.
85 percent of the population of Mexico City traveling at 15 percent of all vehicles. One in ten people in Bogotá owns nine out of ten cars. Although most Latin Americans do not have the right to buy a car, all have a duty to pay. Of every thousand Haitians, only five are motorized, but Haiti devotes a third of its imports to vehicles, spare parts and gasoline. A third works, too, El Salvador. According to Ricardo Navarro, an expert on these issues, Colombia spends money each year to subsidize gasoline, suffice to give two and half million of bicycles to the public. The right to kill
a single country, Germany has more cars than the sum of all the countries of Latin America and Africa. However, in the south of the world die Three of every four deaths in traffic accidents worldwide. And of three killed, two were pedestrians.
In that, at least, not advertising lies, often comparing the car with a weapon like shooting speed, provides the same pleasure and the same power. Walkers hunting is common in some Latin American cities, where the shell of the traditional four-wheel encouraged arrogance of those who govern and those who act as if sent. And in recent times, a time of increasing insecurity, impunity is always added bullying of the panic attacks and kidnappings. More and more people willing to kill whoever is put forward. Privileged few, doomed to perpetual fear, step on the accelerator to smash the reality or to escape it, and the reality is a very dangerous thing that happens on the other side of the car windows closed.
The right to invade the streets
Latin circulating a fraction of the world's cars, but some of the world's most polluted cities are in Latin America.
servile imitation of life models of the big dominant centers, disaster occurs. Multiply copies deliriously original defects. The inherited structures of injustice and social contradictions have generated fierce cities that grow out of all possible control, giant frankensteins of civilization: the import of religion from the car and the identification of democracy with the consumer society, have in such realms of every man for himself, effects more devastating than any bombing.
Never have so many suffered so much by so few. Disastrous public transport and the lack of bikeways mandates the use of the car, but the vast majority who can not buy, live hemmed in by traffic and choked with smog. The sidewalks are reduced, more and more parking and less neighborhood, increasingly crossing cars and fewer people who are. The buses are not only scarce, for worse, in many cities public transport is borne by some ramshackle junk that cast deadly smoke from the exhaust pipes and multiply the pollution rather than alleviate it. The right to pollute
Private cars are required in major northern cities of the world, to use cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies filthy poisonous, but in the south with the impunity of money is more murderous impunity of military dictatorships . In rare cases, the law requires the use of unleaded petrol and catalytic converters, which require strict controls and are of limited life: when required by law, is obeyed but not fulfilled, as tradition has it that comes from colonial times . Some
major Latin American cities live pending rain and wind, not poison the air clean, but at least they take it elsewhere. Mexico City live in perpetual state of environmental emergency, largely caused by cars, and the councils of government to the people, the devastation of the plague power, seem to practical lessons for facing an invasion by Martians: avoid exercise , seal the home did not leave, do not move. Babies born with blood lead and a third of people suffering from chronic headaches.
-O you stop smoking, or dies in a year, "warned the doctor to a friend of mine, who lives Mexico City, who had not smoked a single cigarette in his life.
San Pablo City breathes on Sundays and weekdays asphyxia. Year after year it is poisoning the air of Buenos Aires, at the same pace in the growing fleet, which last year increased by half a million vehicles. Santiago de Chile is separated from heaven by an umbrella of smog, which in the past fifteen years has doubled its density, while also doubling, coincidentally, the number of cars.
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