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Studying plan for "The Great Guadalajara

Posted in The Informant

The Intermunicipal Plan for Urban Development (PIDU) is in the stage of study in the municipalities of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonala, Tlajomulco de Zuniga and El Salto, a instrument which, if adopted, will govern the policies of city planning in 2030.

"The Great Guadalajara" displayed in this document is to be achieved through an urban renewal of the metropolitan area, looking for sustainable development to improve the quality of life of the population. Many

PIDU objectives, which are important because they indicate the directions of the partial urban development plans of each of the municipalities that make up the Intermunicipal Association of Guadalajara. For example, the plan will seek to consolidate the urban area, focusing on intra-urban growth in areas underutilized, to prevent the spread of settlements in the periphery, as is happening.

The PIDU includes the retention of the most important agricultural areas such as valleys Toluquilla Tesistán and also to bring down the deficit presents the city green areas, and the formation of a green belt consisting of the hills of El Madroño, La Primavera, El Tepopote-dancers, Forest The Nixticuil-San Esteban-Tooth (Bensedi) and the Santiago River Canyon.

With regard to urban mobility is talk that maximizes the social exchange and accessibility to the city with non-motorized and public transport, for which it should redirect the current structure that "marginalized and endangers pedestrian and the rider. "

The PIDU also presents an opportunity to learn a multidisciplinary diagnostic of the city and its future. Dense and compact



The territorial extension of the six municipalities mentioned, amounts to 231 000 329 hectares, therefore, is this the total area of \u200b\u200bapplication of PIDU. However, the current urban area with its four million 60 000 531 inhabitants, 62 thousand 832 hectares, 27.16% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe plan.

An essential piece in the paper is that this area represents the city, although 55 000 386 hectares are occupied by other urban uses, 11.36% is wasted by the existence of seven thousand 135 hectares consisting of underused or vacant land, despite having the basic utilities. In addition to other 311 hectares the cities of Guadalajara and Tlaquepaque, which by its natural physical characteristics, are likely to be classified as ecological conservation.

The city population density is 65 inhabitants per hectare, "very low" as "a reflection of the rapid and uncontrolled growth" has been taken. It is therefore necessary to increase the density in the current urban area "to leverage existing infrastructure, reducing the demand for urban Serbs, prevent the loss of agricultural lands and green spaces, as well as to improve mobility.

PIDU implement the 70% growth to record the city 2030, it will be, an estimated one million 913 thousand 689 people, will be channeled to the empty interior spaces of the city, and 30%, at most, to the reserves involving peripheral urban expansion.
The new town will need to 2030 approximately 539 000 80 homes, which will require 10 000 544 hectares of urban land. With regard to other land uses, such as services, commerce, industry, equipment and open space, was estimated 50% of predicted for housing, ie, five thousand 272 hectare.

Thus, the year mentioned, the city will demand 15 000 816 hectares, although, as said, will be utilized seven thousand 135 hectares of intra-urban spaces empty.

The proposed PIDU verticalisation growth in areas with sufficient infrastructure and equipment, ie the re-densification, such as in the main corridors, with a view to the city to double its current population density.

That only 30% of the new population is seated on the periphery, enabling the conservation of agricultural valleys Tesistán, Copala, and Toluquilla Tlajomulco.

"City undone ..."

The phenomenon of migration to the periphery is happening in the city of Guadalajara, and in some sectors of Zapopan and Tlaquepaque, is called in the analysis of PIDU as "City of waste", motivated by the failure, particularly in the Guadalajara Centro, to provide housing that meets the needs of young couples and singles. Guadalajara

lost each year nine thousand inhabitants. The very large old houses five bedrooms or more, the environmental conditions of insecurity, pollution and urban congestion in the center and former colonies, and the advent of subdivisions on the banks combine to make this city Guadalajara waste.

This contributes to the origin of the phenomenon described in the document as the "fragmentation condensed, ie, the expansion of the city in subdivisions or gated, walled, although not considered new, dating from the sixties, "innovation is to permeate the segment of affordable housing where for them there is the financial inability to maintain good conditions for fractionation. For this reason in these joint deterioration accelerates. "

On the basis of such growth, he mentioned the plan: "The ideas expressed in these types of neighborhoods, from all strata, are old, with renewed ideas but more commodified practices: security, exclusivity, cleaning etc., have always been and always opt-generated processes. " They are located in remote areas, mainly in the agricultural valleys, looking for cheap land in real estate and thus more profit. "Another feature in the new social housing is overcrowding. For physical characteristics, these homes do not just solve the overcrowding deficit ... Faced with this problem we are lacking tools to help us eradicate this new deficit by overcrowding. Under this logic, the subdivisions are densified at the same time disperse, resulting in condensed fragmentation. "
Urban Reserves


After studying all the partial urban development plans of municipalities, it is known that in 2000 there were 17 000 854 hectares of urban reserve, for 2006, rose to 35 000 249 ha.

Whereas some spaces that are or will soon be undergoing urbanization, it is determined that a more precise amount of reserve is 30 thousand 609 hectares, almost double the 15 000 816 hectares that really require the population growth of the city to 2030.

What stands out is that according to PIDU of 35 thousand 249 hectare reserve referred to in the municipal plans, in fact, only 7%, or two thousand 759 hectares are suitable for residential land, for not being forested areas with agricultural potential or close to harmful factors such as landfills. Of the remainder, 11 000 700 hectares are considered soil conditions for development, to be present natural factors that may pose risks such as landslides, subsidence, geotechnical problems or flooding.

addition, 17 thousand 500 hectares did not qualify as suitable for urbanization because it would represent an invasion of forested areas and agricultural potential, and finally, three thousand 268 hectares are unsuitable for their proximity to landfills.

Reorganization

Overall, the urban renewal that will be implemented with PIDU is based on the configuration of three strategic areas for action in the city, named "Central City", "City Middle" and "Peripheral City", this for the implementation of various planning policies in accordance with the characteristics of each.

Central City, is contained in the ring bounded by the Beltway avenues North, Beltway Álvarez Castillo, Lopez Mateos, Agustín Yáñez Ring, Ring St. Hedwig, Rio Nile and Plutarco Elias Calles. It will be the MDC because it is the oldest area where are located the oldest neighborhoods and history. The policies will focus on improving and protecting urban heritage.

City Intermediate: it is outside the ring and provides referral to urban settlements beyond the Loop, it will be policies of urban consolidation and densification.

Peripheral City: consists of the self-sufficient towns on the periphery of the municipalities of Zapopan, Tlajomulco and El Salto, and add the scattered settlements of the first two. To illustrate with Zapopan would be talking about towns like Tesistán, Santa Lucia and Nextipac.

policies here will be concentrated on controlling urban sprawl, consolidate core self, that is, have, for example, government offices close, control of urban sprawl on agricultural valleys and the preservation of rural settlements.

fully cover the costs of housing, transportation, clothing, medical care, among others.

The PIDU establishes the need for the city to social integration, does not have specific pockets where they are seated so long groups in poverty, as these sites "are ends of social problems and conflicts."

He notes: "In terms of social justice guaranteed by the government, it is necessary to serve the population with very high poverty levels, both for equity reasons and to avoid the emergence of a polarization that complicate the harmony social relations. In this sense, is a priority to avoid the creation of squatter settlements or in areas without minimum capacity of urbanization. "

Among the proposals is to increase resources to serve the underserved population, continue to support targeted programs, implement other nutrition children and expand coverage of mobility options to outlying areas.
The document notes that planning policies should aim to use the demographic dividend, a phenomenon caused by "the decline in growth rates among children, and minimum growth rates of aging," which gives the city \u200b\u200b"maximum capacity at a lower cost." Talk

as to diversify educational choices according to the characteristics of the labor market, refocus the coverage and improve the quality of education to young children, and promote the exercise of professional practices.

Economically, emphasizes the promotion and strengthening of micro, small and medium enterprises, the attraction of high-tech companies, encourage the establishment of research, innovation and design, to simplify rules and procedures and increase legal certainty for companies, all aiming to exceed three thousand 750 pesos on average city dwellers received by workers in 2003.

In the area of \u200b\u200bhealth, it is essential to reach more people in health care for those who are not enrolled in public health systems or private, which are about 60% of the population. If in 2007, 4.9% of city dwellers was 65 years, in 23 years will be 11.2 percent. Environment



2030, the PIDU set a goal of doubling the protected natural areas around the city, among them recognizing the Sierra de Cerro Viejo-sill; Latilla-Tlajomulco, blocks of Tepopote-mountain dancers, the Sierra de Tesistán, the Sierra del Rincón and Chicharrón and the Serrania de Piedra Jacal Ixcatán tables.
This will settle the Ecological Corridor Metropolitan Guadalajara. The plan also talks of building structures in the vegetated road to Nogales, Colotlán, Saltillo and Colima, would restore the connectivity between natural areas for wildlife.

The increase of green spaces within the city is important, he says, because there is currently a deficit in this aspect, since for every resident is counted with 2.5 square meters of green areas, while the World Health Organization ( WHO) recommends nine to 10 square meters per capita.

On Tesistán agricultural valleys, and Tlajomulco Toluquilla be sought to maintain arable land and strengthen its activity, whereas in the past five years and have lost 600 thousand hectares in plains and urban growth. Annually, agricultural and other derivatives of natural capital generates about one billion pesos.

Improving public transport should contribute to obtaining a more favorable environment. In 2007 the city sold two thousand 676 million liters of gasoline and diesel thousand 243 million.
"Every gallon of gasoline emits 2.3 kg of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), so that each car yielded 11.04 kilograms of carbon dioxide on a typical day in 2007, and 3.9 tons per year. Considering the total number of private vehicles in 2007, the order of 1.5 million vehicles, pollution was six million tons of carbon dioxide. "

That same year, if you add that generated by public transport and lack of organization as a system, talk of just under 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted, one of the main greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Reporter

Writing / AMLP

Cyril Takayama Lighter Belt

Religion car.

Eduardo Galeano.

I. Divine Liturgy of motor
With God
four wheel happens what usually happens with the gods are born to serve people, magic spells against fear and loneliness, and end up putting people at your service. The religion of the car, with the Vatican in the United States has the world on their knees.
Six, six, six

The image of paradise: every American has a car and a firearm. In the United States has the largest number of cars and the largest arsenal, the two core businesses of the national economy. Six, six, six: of every six dollars spent by the average citizen, one is devoted to the car, in six hours of life, he's traveling by car or work for pay, and of every six jobs, one is direct or indirectly related to violence and their industries. Kill more people and cars weapons, and the more sweeping nature, the more it grows the Gross National Product. As stated by the German researcher Winfried Wolf, in our time the productive forces have become destructive forces.

Talismans against homelessness "or invitations to crime? Selling cars is symmetrical with the sale of weapons, and might well be part of it: traffic accidents kill and injure each year more Americans than all the Americans killed and wounded during the war in Vietnam, and driving license is the only document necessary for anyone to buy a machine gun and shot her to cook the whole neighborhood. The license is not only used for these purposes, it is also essential to pay by check or cash them, to make a step or sign a contract. In the United States, driver's license serves as identification. Cars give people identity.
democracy allies

The country has the cheapest gasoline in the world, thanks to the corrupt president, the sheiks of dark glasses and operetta kings engaged in selling off oil, to violate human rights and to buy U.S. weapons . Saudi Arabia, for instance, which appears in the top of international statistics for the wealth of their rich, the mortality of their children and atrocities of his executioners, is the largest customer of U.S. arms industry. Without the cheap gasoline that provide these allies of democracy, it would be possible miracle in the U.S., anyone can have a car, and many can change frequently. And if money is not enough for the final model, sold scented sprays that give back to the geezer bought three or four years ago, the autosaurio that.

Tell me what car you have and tell you who you are, and how much you're worth. This civilization who loves cars, is terrified of old age: the automobile, the promise of eternal youth, is the only body that can change. Cage


this body the four wheels, it embodies most of the advertising on television, most hours of talk time and space most of the cities. The car has many restaurants, where it feeds on gasoline and oil, and his service are the pharmacies where you buy medicines, the hospital where examination, diagnose and cure it, the rooms where he sleeps and the cemeteries where he died.

He promises freedom to the people, and something called freeways, highways, roads, free, and yet acts as a mobile cage. Human working time has been reduced little or nothing, and in return year after year increases the time required to go to and from work, by the impasses forcing traffic to move with difficulty and elbows. We live in the car, and he does not let go. Drive-by shooting: not out of the car at full speed, you can pull the trigger and shoot with Dick and Jane, as is customary now at night in Los Angeles. Drive-thru teller, drive-in restaurant, drive-in movies: not out of the car can make money from the bank, eat burgers and watch a movie. And out of the car can marry, drive-in marriage: Reno, Nevada, the car comes under the arches of plastic flowers, a window overlooking the witness and the other the pastor, Bible in hand that says you husband and wife, and output an official, provided with wings and halo, gives the marriage and get the tip, called Love donation.

The car, rolling body, has more rights than the human body, doomed to decrepitude. United States of America has undertaken in recent years, the holy war against the devil's snuff. In magazines, the advertising of cigarettes is crossed by mandatory public health warnings. The ads warn, for example, "snuff smoke contains carbon monoxide." But no car ad warns that much more carbon monoxide in the smoke of cars. People can not smoke. Cars, yes.
II. The Exterminating Angel

In 1992 there was a plebiscite in Amsterdam. The inhabitants of the Dutch city decided to reduce by half the space, very limited, which take cars. Three years later, banned private car traffic around the center of the Italian city of Florence, a ban that will cover the entire city as a multiplicity of trams, metro lines, pedestrian and buses. Also the bike paths: the sooner you can traverse the entire city without risk, by either party, riding in a transport medium that is inexpensive, does not waste anything, not invade human space and pollute the air, which was invented five centuries ago , by a neighbor Florence called Leonardo da Vinci.

Meanwhile, an official report confirmed that cars occupy a space much larger than people in the U.S. city of Los Angeles, but there occurred no one would commit the sacrilege to expel the invaders.
Whose cities?

Amsterdam and Florence are exceptions to the universal rule of infringement. The world has accelerated motor, as cities have grown and distances, and public transportation have given way to the private car. French President Georges Pompidou celebrated it saying "it is the city that must adapt to the cars, not backwards," but his words made sense tragic when it was revealed that they had increased brutally killed by pollution in the city of Paris during the strikes of late last year: the paralysis of the metro had increased travel by car and had sold out of masks antiesmog .

In Germany, in 1950, trains, buses, metros and trams carried out three-quarters of passenger transport, currently amount to less than one fifth. The European average has fallen to 25 percent, which is even when compared with the United States, where public transportation is virtually wiped out in most cities, only reach the four percent of the total.

Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone were close friends, and both wore just fine with the Rockefeller family. That led to a mutual affection alliance influences had much to do with the dismantling of the railways and the creation of a vast web of roads, then turned into highways throughout the United States. Over the years it has become increasingly overwhelming, in the U.S. and worldwide, the power of automobile manufacturers, tire manufacturers and the oil industry. Of the sixty largest companies, half belong to this holy alliance or is in somehow linked to the dictatorship of the four wheels. Data for a primer


human rights stop at the foot of the rights of the machines. Cars are away with a killer cocktail of many chemicals. The poisoning of the air is dramatically visible in Latin American cities, but he is much less in some northern cities in the world. The difference is explained largely by the mandatory use of catalytic converters and unleaded gasoline, which have reduced pollution per vehicle more noticeable in the more developed countries. However, the number tends to obliterate the quality, and these technological developments are reducing their impact positive to the dizzying proliferation of automobiles, which is reproduced as if it were comprised of rabbits.

visible or hidden, small or not, poisonous emissions are a long list criminal. To take just three examples, technicians from Greenpeace have reported that car at least half of all carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons how effectively they are contributing to the destruction of the planet and human health.

"Health is not negotiable. No more half measures," said Florence responsible for transport, earlier this year, while announcing that this would be "The first European city free of cars." But in most of the rest of the world, it assumes that it is inevitable that the divine is the hub motor of human life in the urban age. Copy the worst


The engine noise does not stop hearing the voices that denounce the artifice of a civilization that steals your freedom and then sell this, and you cut the legs to make you buy cars and fitness equipment. Prevails in the world, as the only possible model of life, the bane of cities where cars rule, eat green areas and take over human space. Breathe the air they soon leave us, and whoever does is killed, suffers gastritis traffic.

Latin American cities do not want to look like Amsterdam or Florence, but in Los Angeles, and getting into the hideous caricature of that vertigo. We have been training five centuries to copy rather than create. Since we are facing the copianditis, we could choose our models with a little more careful. Anesthetized as we are by television, advertising and consumer culture, we believe the story of the so-called modernization, as if that joke in bad taste and black humor were the abracadabra of happiness.
III. Mirrors of Paradise

advertising talks about the car as a blessing to everyone. A right universal, a democratic achievement? If true, and all human beings can become happy owners of this means of transport become talisman, the planet would suffer sudden death due to lack of air. And before, would stop working for lack of energy. We still have oil for two generations. We have already burned in a while much of the oil that had formed over millions of years. The world produces cars at the rate of heart beats more than one per second, and they are devouring more than half of all the oil that the world produces.

course, lies advertising. Antics say the car is not right universal, but a privileged few. Only 20 percent of humanity has 80 percent of the cars, although one hundred per cent of humanity has to suffer the consequences. Like so many other symbols of consumer society, this is an instrument that is held by the Western world and minorities in the south of the northern breeding habits and believe and do believe that whoever does not have a driving license is allowed to exist.

85 percent of the population of Mexico City traveling at 15 percent of all vehicles. One in ten people in Bogotá owns nine out of ten cars. Although most Latin Americans do not have the right to buy a car, all have a duty to pay. Of every thousand Haitians, only five are motorized, but Haiti devotes a third of its imports to vehicles, spare parts and gasoline. A third works, too, El Salvador. According to Ricardo Navarro, an expert on these issues, Colombia spends money each year to subsidize gasoline, suffice to give two and half million of bicycles to the public. The right to kill


a single country, Germany has more cars than the sum of all the countries of Latin America and Africa. However, in the south of the world die Three of every four deaths in traffic accidents worldwide. And of three killed, two were pedestrians.

In that, at least, not advertising lies, often comparing the car with a weapon like shooting speed, provides the same pleasure and the same power. Walkers hunting is common in some Latin American cities, where the shell of the traditional four-wheel encouraged arrogance of those who govern and those who act as if sent. And in recent times, a time of increasing insecurity, impunity is always added bullying of the panic attacks and kidnappings. More and more people willing to kill whoever is put forward. Privileged few, doomed to perpetual fear, step on the accelerator to smash the reality or to escape it, and the reality is a very dangerous thing that happens on the other side of the car windows closed.
The right to invade the streets

Latin circulating a fraction of the world's cars, but some of the world's most polluted cities are in Latin America.

servile imitation of life models of the big dominant centers, disaster occurs. Multiply copies deliriously original defects. The inherited structures of injustice and social contradictions have generated fierce cities that grow out of all possible control, giant frankensteins of civilization: the import of religion from the car and the identification of democracy with the consumer society, have in such realms of every man for himself, effects more devastating than any bombing.

Never have so many suffered so much by so few. Disastrous public transport and the lack of bikeways mandates the use of the car, but the vast majority who can not buy, live hemmed in by traffic and choked with smog. The sidewalks are reduced, more and more parking and less neighborhood, increasingly crossing cars and fewer people who are. The buses are not only scarce, for worse, in many cities public transport is borne by some ramshackle junk that cast deadly smoke from the exhaust pipes and multiply the pollution rather than alleviate it. The right to pollute


Private cars are required in major northern cities of the world, to use cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies filthy poisonous, but in the south with the impunity of money is more murderous impunity of military dictatorships . In rare cases, the law requires the use of unleaded petrol and catalytic converters, which require strict controls and are of limited life: when required by law, is obeyed but not fulfilled, as tradition has it that comes from colonial times . Some

major Latin American cities live pending rain and wind, not poison the air clean, but at least they take it elsewhere. Mexico City live in perpetual state of environmental emergency, largely caused by cars, and the councils of government to the people, the devastation of the plague power, seem to practical lessons for facing an invasion by Martians: avoid exercise , seal the home did not leave, do not move. Babies born with blood lead and a third of people suffering from chronic headaches.

-O you stop smoking, or dies in a year, "warned the doctor to a friend of mine, who lives Mexico City, who had not smoked a single cigarette in his life.

San Pablo City breathes on Sundays and weekdays asphyxia. Year after year it is poisoning the air of Buenos Aires, at the same pace in the growing fleet, which last year increased by half a million vehicles. Santiago de Chile is separated from heaven by an umbrella of smog, which in the past fifteen years has doubled its density, while also doubling, coincidentally, the number of cars.